diff --git a/internal/app/auth_command_test.go b/internal/app/auth_command_test.go
index 751539ba..1fe99832 100644
--- a/internal/app/auth_command_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/auth_command_test.go
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func TestAuthStatusRefreshFailureLeavesStoredTokenIntact(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("secure token data should remain in keychain after refresh failure")
 	}
 
-	if !bytes.Contains(out.Bytes(), []byte("已登录")) {
+	if !bytes.Contains(out.Bytes(), []byte("\"authenticated\"")) {
 		t.Fatalf("output should still report authenticated status:\n%s", out.String())
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/app/flags.go b/internal/app/flags.go
index 2f3c5239..33ea9112 100644
--- a/internal/app/flags.go
+++ b/internal/app/flags.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func bindPersistentFlags(cmd *cobra.Command, flags *GlobalFlags) {
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&flags.ClientSecret, "client-secret", "", "Override OAuth client secret (DingTalk AppSecret)")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&flags.Debug, "debug", false, "显示调试日志")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&flags.DryRun, "dry-run", false, "预览操作内容，不实际执行")
-	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&flags.Format, "format", "f", "table", "输出格式: json|table|raw")
+	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&flags.Format, "format", "f", "json", "输出格式: json|table|raw")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&flags.Mock, "mock", false, "使用 Mock 数据 (开发调试用)")
 	cmd.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&flags.Output, "output", "o", "", "Write command output to a file")
 	_ = cmd.PersistentFlags().MarkHidden("output")
diff --git a/internal/app/root_execute_test.go b/internal/app/root_execute_test.go
index 35f09a0d..6a3294c4 100644
--- a/internal/app/root_execute_test.go
+++ b/internal/app/root_execute_test.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import (
 	mockmcp "github.com/DingTalk-Real-AI/dingtalk-workspace-cli/test/mock_mcp"
 )
 
-func TestPrintExecutionErrorDefaultsToHumanReadable(t *testing.T) {
+func TestPrintExecutionErrorDefaultsToJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	root := NewRootCommand()
@@ -43,14 +43,11 @@ func TestPrintExecutionErrorDefaultsToHumanReadable(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("printExecutionError() error = %v", err)
 	}
-	if stdout.Len() != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("stdout = %q, want empty for human-readable error output", stdout.String())
+	if stderr.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q, want empty for JSON error output", stderr.String())
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "Error: [VALIDATION] bad flag") {
-		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q, want human-readable header", stderr.String())
-	}
-	if !strings.Contains(stderr.String(), "Hint: Pass the required flag and retry.") {
-		t.Fatalf("stderr = %q, want hint line", stderr.String())
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout.String(), "\"category\": \"validation\"") {
+		t.Fatalf("stdout = %q, want JSON error payload", stdout.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -175,8 +172,8 @@ func TestVersionCommandDoesNotRequirePINOrLogin(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := root.Execute(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Execute(version) error = %v", err)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(out.String(), "版本:") {
-		t.Fatalf("version output missing version header:\n%s", out.String())
+	if !strings.Contains(out.String(), "\"version\"") {
+		t.Fatalf("version output missing version key:\n%s", out.String())
 	}
 }
 
@@ -216,8 +213,8 @@ func TestVersionCommandUsesCachedRegistryWithoutBlockingAgedDiscovery(t *testing
 	if elapsed := time.Since(start); elapsed >= 200*time.Millisecond {
 		t.Fatalf("Execute(version) took %v, want cached startup under 200ms", elapsed)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(out.String(), "版本:") {
-		t.Fatalf("version output missing version header:\n%s", out.String())
+	if !strings.Contains(out.String(), "\"version\"") {
+		t.Fatalf("version output missing version key:\n%s", out.String())
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/internal/generator/generator.go b/internal/generator/generator.go
index ca33aa97..be8c7993 100644
--- a/internal/generator/generator.go
+++ b/internal/generator/generator.go
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ func renderSharedSkill(catalog ir.Catalog) string {
 	builder.WriteString("dws auth status\n")
 	builder.WriteString("```\n\n")
 	builder.WriteString("## Global Rules\n\n")
-	builder.WriteString("- Always prefer `--format json` for agent-readable output.\n")
+	builder.WriteString("- Output defaults to JSON. Use `--format table` for human-readable output.\n")
 	builder.WriteString("- Confirm with user before any write/delete/revoke action.\n")
 	builder.WriteString("- Never fabricate IDs; always extract from command output.\n")
 	builder.WriteString("- For risky operations, run a read/list check before executing write operations.\n\n")
diff --git a/skills/references/global-reference.md b/skills/references/global-reference.md
index 90dd18a2..c25ca155 100644
--- a/skills/references/global-reference.md
+++ b/skills/references/global-reference.md
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ dws recovery finalize --event-id <event_id> --outcome recovered|failed|handoff -
 
 | 标志 | 短名 | 说明 | 默认 |
 |------|:---:|------|------|
-| `--format` | `-f` | 输出格式: json / table / raw | table |
+| `--format` | `-f` | 输出格式: json / table / raw | json |
 | `--verbose` | `-v` | 详细日志 | false |
 | `--debug` | | 调试日志 | false |
 | `--yes` | `-y` | 跳过确认提示 | false |
@@ -71,13 +71,13 @@ dws recovery finalize --event-id <event_id> --outcome recovered|failed|handoff -
 
 ## 输出格式
 
-### --format json (机器可读, Agent 必须使用)
+### --format json (机器可读, 默认)
 
 ```json
 {"success": true, "body": {...}}
 ```
 
-### --format table (人类可读, 默认)
+### --format table (人类可读)
 
 ```
 已创建 AI 表格 "项目管理" (UUID: abc123)